Anxiety Disorders
Occasional anxiety is a normal part of life. You might feel anxious when faced with a problem at work, or before taking a test or making an important decision. Anxiety disorders involve more than temporary worry or fear. For a person with an anxiety disorder, the anxiety does not go away and can get worse over time. The feelings can interfere with daily activities such as job performance, schoolwork and relationships.
Signs and Symptoms
There are several different types of anxiety disorders. Examples include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
People with generalized anxiety disorder display excessive anxiety or worry for months and face several anxiety-related symptoms. Generalized anxiety disorder symptoms include:
- Restlessness or feeling wound up or on edge.
- Being easily fatigued.
- Difficulty concentrating or having their minds go blank.
- Irritability.
- Muscle tension.
- Difficulty controlling the worry.
- Sleep problems (difficulty falling or staying asleep or restless, unsatisfying sleep).
Panic Disorder
People with panic disorder have recurrent unexpected panic attacks, which are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations, pounding heart or accelerated heart rate; sweating; trembling or shaking; sensations of shortness of breath, smothering or choking; and feeling of impending doom.
Panic disorder symptoms include:
- Sudden and repeated attacks of intense fear.
- Feelings of being out of control during a panic attack.
- Intense worries about when the next attack will happen.
- Fear or avoidance of places where panic attacks have occurred in the past.
Social Anxiety Disorder
People with social anxiety disorder (sometimes called social phobia) have a marked fear of social or performance situations in which they expect to feel embarrassed, judged, rejected or fearful of offending others.
Social anxiety disorder symptoms include:
- Feeling highly anxious about being with other people and having a hard time talking to them.
- Feeling very self-conscious in front of other people and worried about feeling humiliated, embarrassed or rejected, or fearful of offending others.
- Being very afraid that other people will judge them.
- Worrying for days or weeks before an event where other people will be.
- Staying away from places where there are other people.
- Having a hard time making friends and keeping friends.
- Blushing, sweating or trembling around other people.
- Feeling nauseous or sick to the stomach when other people are around.
Evaluation for an anxiety disorder often begins with a visit to a primary care provider. Some physical health conditions, such as an overactive thyroid or low blood sugar, as well as taking certain medications, can imitate or worsen an anxiety disorder. A thorough mental health evaluation is also helpful, because anxiety disorders often coexist with other related conditions, such as depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Risk Factors
Researchers are finding that genetic and environmental factors, frequently in interaction with one another, are risk factors for anxiety disorders. Specific factors include:
- Shyness, or behavioral inhibition, in childhood.
- Being female.
- Having few economic resources.
- Being divorced or widowed.
- Exposure to stressful life events in childhood and adulthood.
- Anxiety disorders in close biological relatives.
- Parental history of mental disorders.
- Elevated afternoon cortisol levels in the saliva (specifically for social anxiety disorder).
U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (Revised 2016, March). Anxiety disorders. Retrieved April 4, 2017, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov