Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children
All children may experience very stressful events that affect how they think and feel. Most of the time, children recover quickly and well. However, sometimes children who experience severe stress, such as from an injury, from the death or threatened death of a close family member or friend, or from violence, will be affected in the long term. The child could experience this trauma directly or could witness it happening to someone else. When children develop long-term symptoms (longer than one month) from such stress, which are upsetting or interfere with their relationships and activities, they may be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Examples of PTSD symptoms include
- Reliving the event over and over in thought or in play
- Nightmares and sleep problems
- Becoming very upset when something causes memories of the event
- Lack of positive emotions
- Intense ongoing fear or sadness
- Irritability and angry outbursts
- Constantly looking for possible threats or being easily startled
- Acting helpless, hopeless, or withdrawn
- Denying that the event happened or feeling numb
- Avoiding places or people associated with the event
Because children who have experienced traumatic stress may seem restless, fidgety, or have trouble paying attention and staying organized, the symptoms of traumatic stress can be confused with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Examples of events that could cause PTSD include
- Physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment
- Being a victim or witness to violence or crime
- Serious illness or death of a close family member or friend
- Natural or manmade disasters
- Severe car accidents
Treatment for PTSD
The first step to treatment is to talk with a health care provider to arrange an evaluation. For a PTSD diagnosis, a specific event must have triggered the symptoms. Because the event was distressing, children may not want to talk about the event, so a health provider who is highly skilled in talking with children and families may be needed. Once the diagnosis is made, the first step is to make the child feel safe by getting support from parents, friends, and school, and by minimizing the chance of another traumatic event to the extent possible. Psychotherapy in which the child can speak, draw, play, or write about the stressful event can be done with the child, the family, or a group. Behavior therapy, specifically cognitive-behavioral therapy, helps children learn to change thoughts and feelings by first changing behavior in order to reduce the fear or worry. Medication may also be used to decrease symptoms.
Get help finding treatment.
In addition to contacting your employee support program, here are some online tools to find a health care provider familiar with treatment options:
- Psychologist Locator (Link opens in a new windowhttps://locator.apa.org), a service of the American Psychological Association (APA) Practice Organization.
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist Finder (Link opens in a new windowhttps://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Resources/CAP_Finder.aspx), a research tool by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP).
- Find a Cognitive Behavioral Therapist (Link opens in a new windowhttps://services.abct.org/i4a/memberDirectory/index.cfm?directory_id=3&pageID=3282), a search tool by the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT).
- If you need help finding treatment facilities, visit MentalHealth.gov (Link opens in a new windowhttps://www.mentalhealth.gov).
Prevention of PTSD
It is not known exactly why some children develop PTSD after experiencing stressful and traumatic events, and others do not. Many factors may play a role, including biology and temperament. Preventing risks for trauma, like maltreatment, violence, or injuries, or lessening the impact of unavoidable disasters on children, can help protect a child from PTSD.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (NCBDDD). (Reviewed 2022, April 19). Post-traumatic stress disorder in children. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov