Arbitration Basics
Learn the basics about arbitration: what it is, when it arises, andhow the process works.
Arbitration clauses are found in all types of agreements these days: from employment and securities trading agreements to many kinds of consumer contracts, including those for credit cards, home repairs, health insurance, telephones, and selling and financing cars. An arbitration clause requires that disputes arising out of contracts and transactions be resolved through arbitration. The American Arbitration Association estimates that it handles more than 2 million arbitrations each year, and hundreds of thousands more are conducted by other groups and individuals.
Yet despite the growing use of arbitration and the fact that most consumers are bound by a number of arbitration agreements (often unknowingly), many people don't know what arbitration is or how it works.
Here's a primer on arbitration, including an explanation of important arbitration terms, types of arbitrators, and how the process generally works.
What is Arbitration?
Arbitration is a method of resolving disputes outside of court. Parties refer their disputes to an arbitrator who reviews the evidence, listens to the parties, and then makes a decision. The arbitration process is less formal than a courtroom hearing or trial (and often less expensive), but more formal than mediation or negotiation. (To learn about mediation, see Nolo's Mediation area.)
Most arbitrations arise because of an arbitration clause in a contract, in which the parties have agreed to resolve any disputes arising out of the contract through arbitration. Before we discuss what an arbitration looks like, it helps to understand what an arbitration clause can include. Arbitration clauses can be simple stating that claims will be settled according to applicable arbitration rules and then enforced by a local court.
But arbitration clauses can also be more complex, controlling a large number of matters, such as how arbitrators will be selected, where the arbitration will be held, who will pay for attorneys' fees, and whether the final arbitration award must be kept confidential. Arbitration clauses can be mandatory or voluntary, and the arbitrator's decision may be binding or nonbinding.
Mandatory Versus Voluntary Arbitration
An arbitration clause may make the arbitration either mandatory or voluntary. A dispute that is subject to mandatory arbitration must be resolved through arbitration. The parties give up their right to sue in court, participate in a class action lawsuit, or appeal the arbitration decision.
In voluntary arbitration, both sides in a dispute agree to submit their disagreement to arbitration after it arises, and after they have evaluated other options for resolving it. Most consumer advocates find this to be the preferred, evenhanded approach to arbitration allowing it to be a choice rather than a necessity.
Binding Versus Nonbinding Arbitration
In binding arbitration, the arbitrator's decision is final. It may not be reviewed or overturned by a court except in very limited circumstances, such as when fraud or misuse of power has been involved.
In nonbinding arbitration, either party may reject the arbitration award and demand a trial instead. Parties often treat nonbinding decisions as an independent assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a potential lawsuit, with the aim of fostering a settlement. But even in such cases, the arbitration agreement will often provide that the award may become binding if the parties agree to it or wait longer than a stated time to ask that the case be returned to court.
Choosing an Arbitrator
Many arbitration agreements require that disputes be arbitrated through one of the big arbitration groups or associations. Others leave it up to the parties to agree upon a particular arbitrator.
Large Arbitration Agencies
Often, an arbitration agreement will designate the American Arbitration Association ( www.adr.org), JAMS ( www.jamsadr.com), or the National Arbitration Forum ( www.arb-forum.com) to handle the arbitration. Arbitrators on the rosters of these groups are often retired judges or practicing attorneys, although some are nonlawyers with particular expertise in an area such as construction or child custody.
These agencies typically charge a set amount or percentage of the amount in dispute as a filing fee, and an additional amount or percentage as a "case service fee." For example, if the amount in dispute is $75,000 to $150,000, an arbitration organization would typically charge about $2,250 in fees to begin the proceeding.
Independent Arbitrators
You can locate independent arbitrators and find out their fees and philosophies by looking in the phone book or doing an Internet search combining "arbitrator" and your location.
Getting a Lawyer's Help
Parties sometimes hire attorneys to help them through the arbitration process. If the dispute involves $10,000 or less, most individuals opt to handle the process alone, with guidance from the arbitrator or arbitration organization. Companies and retailers nearly always hire lawyers to represent their interests in arbitration. And for disputes involving $100,000 or more, both sides usually hire lawyers for help.
Here's what to expect in a typical arbitration.
Initiating the arbitration. If your agreement requires you to use one of the large arbitration associations, the agency helps select the arbitrator, or panel of up to three people for more complex cases, who will hear and decide the dispute. These agencies usually impose their own procedural rules and oversee the housekeeping details such as notifying the parties about when and where to meet.
If no group has been specified, the parties are on their own to administer the proceeding, choose arbitrators, and set the schedule and rules that will control. Such ad hoc arrangements are often quicker and less expensive than when an agency is involved, but require a fair amount of cooperation between the disputing parties, who must agree on important matters, such as which arbitrator will decide the matter.
Pre-hearing conferences. Brief conferences are sometimes held before the arbitration hearing to sketch out details such as the need for confidentiality throughout the entire process and to iron out hotly contested issues, such as whether an arbitrator can also decide related claims.
The arbitration hearing. Unlike trials, which are generally confined to courtrooms, the parties can agree to have arbitrations in any convenient setting, although a neutral office or conference center is usually deemed best. Cost, formality, and location also weigh into the decision.
At the hearing, each side has the chance to present his or her version of the conflict, usually with a brief opening statement bolstered by evidence such as relevant contracts and other paperwork, and tangible things for example, a piece of broken or shoddy merchandise if that plays a role in the dispute. Witnesses may also be called to testify and be questioned and cross-examined.
That is usually followed by brief closing arguments during which both sides summarize the evidence, explain how it relates to the individual theory of the case, and set out why the arbitrator should rule in his or her favor. In some arbitrations, there are no closing arguments, but the parties are encouraged instead to write out their theories and evidence in post-hearing briefs.
The arbitration decision. Arbitrators are free to base their decisions on their own ideas of what is fair and just. Unlike judges, they are not required to follow the law or the reasoning of earlier case decisions.
Most will submit their decisions in writing sometimes as a simple statement of who won and how much money is due him or her, sometimes with explanations and a rationale of the reasoning ranging in length from a few to dozens of pages. While one goal of arbitration is to get disputes resolved quickly, arbitrators operate under widely varying deadlines from ten days to six months as to when their decisions are due.
Appealing the arbitration decision. Arbitration decisions are usually regarded as final and it is very tough to get a court to review or vacate them. Generally, an arbitrator's decision can only be appealed if there is proof that:
- corruption, fraud, or undue influence was used in securing the award
- the arbitrator was corrupt or biased
- the arbitrator refused to postpone the hearing even though there was sufficient cause to delay it, or
- the arbitrator exceeded his or her power.
For more information on alternative ways to resolving disputes outside the courtroom, see Mediate, Don't Litigate: Strategies for Successful Mediation, by Peter Lovenheim and Lisa Guerin (Nolo). And for specifics on alternative methods of resolving divorce issues, such as child custody, see Divorce Without Court: A Guide to Mediation & Collaborative Divorce, by attorney-mediator Katherine E. Stoner (Nolo).