DUI and DWI Overview
What it means to be charged with DUI (driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol) or DWI (driving while intoxicated).
Drunk driving is known as driving under the influence (DUI) in some states and driving while intoxicated (DWI) in other states. Still others use the term operating under the influence (OUI). Such crimes are considered to be among the most serious of driving offenses not surprisingly, as they cause over one third of all traffic fatalities. DUIs and DWIs also tend to carry heavy penalties, and the trends are toward even tougher legislation.
There are essentially three types of drunk driving laws.
- Driving under the influence. Every one of the 50 U.S. states makes DUI or DWI a crime. DWI, and DUI are usually defined as driving while impaired by alcohol or other legal or illegal substances.
- BAC of 0.08% or higher. In all states it is also a crime to drive with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08% or higher, regardless of whether one's driving was actually impaired or affected.
- Felony DUI. Certain types of DUIs can be charged as a felony, a serious crime that usually results in a prison sentence.
What "Driving Under the Influence" Means
A DUI law may prohibit driving under the influence of an alcoholic beverage, driving under the influence of a drug, and driving under the combined influence of an alcoholic beverage and any drug (legal or illegal), regardless of blood-alcohol level.
To prove a person is guilty of the offense of driving under the influence, the following elements must be proven:
- The person drove a vehicle that is, steered and controlled it while it was moving.
- At the same time, the person was "under the influence" in that his or her ability to drive safely was affected to an appreciable degree by having drunk an alcoholic beverage, taken a drug, or combined alcohol and drugs. (Note that some people's driving can be impaired after having consumed even a relatively small amount of drugs or alcohol.)
Given these elements, a DUI defendant could argue that a fellow passenger was actually driving but forced the person to switch seats before the police officer arrived at the car. Another argument would be that although the defendant had been drinking that day, the alcohol either hadn't yet entered or had already left the bloodstream during the time the defendant was driving.
What "Driving While Blood Alcohol Is 0.08% or Higher" Means
In every state, a person with a blood-alcohol level (BAC) of 0.08% or higher is presumed to be under the influence of alcohol. Many states have taken this one step further and flatly prohibit anyone from driving with this much alcohol in their blood, whether or not driving is impaired.
To prove a person is guilty of the offense of driving with a BAC of 0.08%, the following elements must be proven:
- The person drove a vehicle, and
- Alcohol was present in the driver's blood at a concentration of 0.08% or greater while driving. (Some states set the limit even lower for underage drivers.)
In states with this type of law, during a trial the jury will usually be given a choice of finding a defendant guilty of driving under the influence and/or driving with a BAC of 0.08% or higher. So, even if the defendant and witnesses could convince a jury that the driver was doing an outstanding job, driving in a manner as cautious and conservative as someone who had nothing to drink, the jury can still find the person guilty if it believes his or her blood alcohol level was 0.08% or more while driving. The penalty in most cases is the same whether the defendant is convicted of one or the other, or both.
What a Felony DUI or DWI Means
Although some DUIs (first offenses, for example) are usually treated as misdemeanors, under certain circumstances the crime can be bumped up to a felony, which is far more serious.
If a driver kills or injures someone as the result of driving while under the influence of alcohol (or having a blood alcohol level higher than 0.08% or more in those states that punish this separately), the person can be found guilty of a felony and could go to state prison for years. Prior convictions for misdemeanor under-the-influence or over-0.08% will usually result in a longer prison sentence.
In some states, a third or fourth DUI or DWI is by itself enough to get a driver charged with a felony. It won't matter whether anyone was killed or injured as a result.
Anyone accused of a felony DUI or DWI should contact a lawyer experienced with handling DUIs or DWIs; no one should ever attempt to handle a felony charge without a lawyer. For more information on dealing with misdemeanor DUI and DWI charges, see Nolo's article Dealing with a DUI or DWI Charge. See Nolo's Lawyer Directory, which provides comprehensive attorney profiles and information to help you select the right attorney. For a reference that will give you the basic information you will need to understand your options when facing a DUI or DWI charge, and to help you deal intelligently with your lawyer, read Beat Your Ticket, by David Brown (Nolo).