The Charitable Trust: Do Good and Get Tax Breaks
Give to charity and get a tax benefit.
A charitable trust lets you donate generously to charity, and it gives you and your heirs a big tax break. However, if you just want to make a few small charitable gifts, then a charitable trust probably isn't worth the bother.
You need to do some serious thinking before you set up a charitable trust. Charitable trusts require that that you give up legal control of your property, and charitable trusts are irrevocable once the trust becomes operational, you cannot change your mind and regain legal control of the trust property.
How It Works
The most common type of charitable trust is called a charitable remainder trust. Here's how it usually works.
First, you set up a trust and transfer to it the property you want to donate to a charity. The charity must be approved by the IRS, which usually means it has tax-exempt status under the Internal Revenue Code.
The charity serves as trustee of the trust, and manages or invests the property so it will produce income for you. The charity pays you (or someone you name) a portion of the income generated by the trust property for a certain number of years, or for your whole life you specify the payment period in the trust document. Then, at your death or the end of the period you set, the property goes to the charity.
What's in It for You Tax Advantages
In addition to helping out your favorite charity, you get several big tax advantages from this arrangement.
Income Tax
You can take an income tax deduction, spread over five years, for the value of your gift to the charity. Where things get tricky is determining the amount of your deduction. The value of your gift is not simply the value of the property; the IRS deducts from that value the amount of income you're likely to receive from the property. For example, if you donate $100,000 but can expect to get $25,000 in income back (based on your life expectancy, interest rates and how the trust document is set up), the value of your gift is $75,000.
Estate Tax
When the trust property eventually goes to the charity outright (at your death or the end of the payment period you specified), it's no longer in your estate so it isn't subject to federal estate tax. (Most people don't need to worry about estate tax, however, because it is assessed only on large estates. See Nolo's Estate and Gift Tax FAQ.)
Capital Gains Tax
With a charitable trust you can turn appreciated property (property that has gone up significantly in value since you acquired it) into cash without paying capital gains tax on the profit.
A charity usually sells any non-income-producing asset in a charitable trust and uses the proceeds to buy property that will produce income for you. Because charities, unlike individuals, don't have to pay capital gains tax, if the charity sells your property, the proceeds stay in the trust and aren't taxed.
Receiving Income From the Trust
When you set up a charitable remainder trust, there are two basic ways to structure the payments you will receive.
Fixed Annuity
You can receive a fixed dollar amount (an annuity) each year. That way, if the trust has lower-than-expected income, you still receive the same annual income. Once you set the amount and the trust is operational, you can't change it. For instance, if you direct that the charity pay you $10,000 a year for life, you can't later say, "Oops, I forgot about inflation. How about $15,000?"
Theoretically, you can make the payments as high as you want. Practically, however, there are limits. First, the higher the payments, the lower your income tax deduction. Second, high payments might eat into principal, possibly even using it all up before the payment term is over and leaving nothing for the charity. Third, a charity is unlikely to accept a gift if it is likely, or even possible, that all the trust property will be paid back to you.
Percentage of Trust Assets
It's common to set your annual payment as a percentage of the value of the current worth of the trust property. For example, your trust document could specify that you will receive 7% of the value of the trust assets yearly. Each year the trust assets will be reappraised, and you will receive 7% of that amount.
Because you receive a percentage, not a flat dollar amount, if inflation (or wise investment) pushes up the dollar value of the assets, your payments go up accordingly. Under IRS rules, you must receive at least 5% of the value of the trust each year.
For help with choosing and planning a charitable trust and tips on many other estate planning options see Plan Your Estate, by Denis Clifford (Nolo).